考试知识点45 阅读理解释说明明文
高考考试频度：★★★★★
说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方法，通过解释说明事物或说明事理，达到教人以常识的目的，在结构上总是使用总分、递进等方法按肯定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特征是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章极少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于了解它说明的事物或事理，知道事物的性质、架构、成因、功能等，知道事理的含意、特征等。近期五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直非常稳定，选材一般是各学科的前沿问题；高科技范围的科研成就；大家比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。因为阅读理解题的设置使用渐进式，即由简到难的方法，因此说明文是高考考试试题中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，一般后置。阅读理解考试试题的中要考试知识点之一是考查学生对词语和句式的学会。说明文的词语和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章困难程度更大。词语运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的使用方法交替出现，未列入考试大纲的生词较多，一般达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特征来帮助理解语篇，比如，下概念、讲解、举例、近义词、反义词、上下义词与标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示讲解和说明）等。
命题方法
考向一 细节理解题
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题地区都有其一同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first、second、thirdfinally、not only„but also、then、in addition等表示顺承关系的词汇列举出事实。考试试题需要考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干需要的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这类例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however、but、yet、in fact等词汇来引导。对比用unlike、until、not so much…as等词汇引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，常常出目前干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包含同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只须仔细就能在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文一模一样，而是用不一样的语句成句型表达相同的意思。
考向二 语意猜测题
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍了解或把事理讲解了解，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方法多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to…或what does the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方法。解题时考生应认真阅读原文，剖析其对某些科学原理是怎么样概念、怎么样讲解的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词汇的语意。或者找出某个词汇在文章中的近义词。应该注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具备讲解、说明用途的语言成分。说明文在讲解说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这种题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要依据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，剖析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同实行者，以便准确判断代词的其实质指代对象。
考向三 主旨大意题
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和总结。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以this passage mainly talks about ____. what is the main idea of the passage? 为设问方法。
答卷时第一阅读题干，学会问题的种类，知道考试试题题干与每个选项所包括的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行迅速定位，再将有关信息进行整理、甄别、剖析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。
考向四 判断推理题
这种考试试题常以the passage is intended to... the author suggests that... the story implies that… which point of view may the author agree to? from the passage we can conclude that... the purpose of the passage is to...为设问方法。这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它需要考生进行适当的判断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也总是具备隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种考试试题可以事物之间正确的依靠关系为命题点，需要考生判断其正确的步骤顺序相互关系等。考生必须要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的状况，弄清图示的差异，依据题干需要最后做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具备能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，知道动物的存活环境和会不会用工具，是不是擅长爬行、飞翔和游泳等。 看法态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实,但设题以议论的表达方法抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新创造的赞赏,或对某个事物的批判。这种题目容易见到的题干表达方法有what was the author’s attitude towards ...? 等。
高考考试阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考考试阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。
1、词义猜测类题型
阅读理解题中常需要学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考考试题中均有此类题目，有些文章尽管没专门设题，但因为文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这种题目一般是通过上下文去理解或依据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但不能离开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，依据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推断关键字义，可以参考以下几种办法猜测：
（一）内在逻辑关系
依据内在逻辑关系推断词义是指运用语言常识剖析和判断有关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后依据逻辑关系判断生词词义。
1.通过近义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过近义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的近义词词组，如happy and gay，即便大家不认识gay这个词，也可以了解它是愉快的意思.这是高中三年级册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：
The word ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is closest in meaning to_________.
freefromanxiety B. anxious C. nervous D. happy
依据上下文和近义词，可以选出答案A。
二是看在进一步讲解的过程中用的近义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只须了解planets就可猜出这几个词都是＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词汇，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.依据not at all...handsome大家不难推断出homely的意思，即不英俊,不好看的意思。
2.依据因果关系猜测词义
通过因果关系猜词，第一是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借用关联词（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等）表示前因后果。比如：
You shouldn’t have blamed him for that，for it wasn’t his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示是什么原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。
3.通过概念或解释关系来推断词义
比如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought.
从drought所在句子的上文大家得知很长时间不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，这样来看drought意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或解释关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。
4.通过句法功能来推断词义
比如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.倘若pineapples和coconuts是生词，大家可以从这两个词在句中所处的地方来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是相同种类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
5.通过描述猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地知道某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在面貌或内在特点的描写。比如The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
（二）外部有关原因
外部有关原因是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他常识，有时仅靠剖析篇章内在逻辑关系没办法猜出词义。这个时候，就需要运用生活经验和普一般识确定词义。比如：The snakes lithered through the grass.依据有关蛇的生活习性的常识，大家可以判断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。
（三）构词法
在阅读文章时，大家总会遇上一些新词语，有时非常难依据上下文来判断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重有哪些用途，此时，如学会了一些常见的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法常识，这类问题便不难解决了。
1.依据前缀猜测词义
比如：He fell into a ditch and lay there，百度竞价推广i-conscious，for a few minutes.依据词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀百度竞价推广i（半，部分的，不完全的），大家便可猜出百度竞价推广iconscious词义＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate about such things.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不了解的＂。
2.依据后缀猜测词义
比如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大伙熟知的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapor may change into droplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drop指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可判断出droplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。
3.依据复合词的各部分猜测词义
比如：Growing economic problems were high-lighted by a slowdown in oil output. Hightlight可能是一个生词，但剖析该词结构后，就能推断出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一块便是＂以强光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一块，指一种在西班牙颇为时尚的体育运动—斗牛。
2、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全方位理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也会是某段的段落大意，一般不容易在文中直接找到答案。如何把握主旨大意题呢？一般有以下几种办法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以飞速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）探寻文章的主题句
剖析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在很多状况下，特别在阅读说明文和议论文时，依据其篇章特征大家可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来总结出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.一般文章的中心思想包括在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来讲明和讲解主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，需要学生看重阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此需要学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后概括。主题句的特征是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子一定是用来讲解,支撑或进步主题句所表达的思想的。
总之，为提升阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想,作者意图及关键字语，运用联想、比较、总结、推断等办法，得出最好结论，选择最好答案，不可以主观臆测，把我们的看法强加进来，与文章的看法混为一谈。经过长期有计划,有目的的系统练习，使学生加快阅读速度，提升阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一块儿，以提升学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性非常强的语言实质活动。大家只有进行很多的课内外阅读，学会肯定的阅读方法，正确运用阅读办法，才能有效地提升阅读理解能力。
题组一（2019年高考考试考试真题）
Passage1
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometrictechnologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cosplayt devicethat gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadencewith which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A. To reduce pressure on keys. B. To improve accuracy in typing
C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cosplayt of e-space protection.
29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？
A. Computers are much easier to operate.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D. Data security measures are guaranteed.
30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll.
A. It'll be environment-friendly. B. It'll reach consumers soon.
C. It'll be made of plastics. D. It'll help speed up typing.
31. Where is this text most likely from?
A. A diary. B. A guidebook C. A novel. D. A magazine.
Passage2
During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engagein dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys. “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.
33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?
A. They appeared to be aggressive.
B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status.
D. They performed well academically.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-You Can Make It
D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
Passage3
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution. “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A. They are hard to get rid of. B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear different forms. D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school education
34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A. Check their product. B. Guide project designs
C. Adjust work schedules. D. Grade their homework.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.
B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.
D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.
Passage4
Before the 1830s
most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possibleto buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper " caught the public's fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well. Some of the early ventureswere immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
28. Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?
A. Academic. B. Unattractive. C. Inexpensive. D. Confidential.
29. What did street sales mean to newspapers?
A. They would be priced higher. B. They would disappear from cities.
C. They could have more readers. D. They could regain public trust.
30. Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?
A. Local politicians. B. Common people.
C. Young publishers. D. Rich businessmen.
31. What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?
A. It was a difficult process. B. It was a temporary success.
C. It was a robbery of the poor. D. It was a disaster for printers.
题组二（2018年高考考试考试真题）
Passage1
We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental cosplayts for each product throughout its life – from when its minerals are mined to when we sTOP using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. DeskTOP computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.
As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn’t throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices – we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old deskTOP monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
So what’s the solution ? The team’s data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and deskTOP computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.
32. What does the author think of new devices?
A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old.
C. They cosplayt more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly.
33. Why did Babbitt’s team conduct the research?
A. To reduce the cosplayt of minerals.
B. To test the life cycle of a product.
C. To update consumers on new technology.
D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.
34. Which of the following uses the least energy?
A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet. C. The LCD TV. D. The deskTOP computer.
35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?
A. STOP using them. B. Take them apart.
C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them.
Passage2
Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers TOP tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s leant into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11.
"We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay £5 for a portion, but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. "
The eight-part series, Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
24. What do we know about Susanna Reid?
A. She enjoys embarrassing her guests. B. She has started a new programme.
C. She dislikes working early in the morning. D. She has had a tight budget for her family.
25. How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A. He buys cooking materials for her. B. He prepares food for her kids.
C. He assists her in cooking matters. D. He invites guest families for her.
26. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4?
A. Summarize the previous paragraphs. B. Provide some advice for the readers.
C. Add some background information. D. Introduce a new TOPic for discussion.
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart B. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less
C. Making Yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less
Passage3
Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein , iron and zinc . Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants . The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries , they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.
When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.
If you have __________, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the TOP of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
24. What does the author seem to like about cherries?
A. They contain protein. B. They are high in vitamin A.
C. They have a pleasant taste. D. They are rich in antioxidants.
25. Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?
A. To make them smell better. B. To keep their colour.
C. To speed up their ripening. D. To improve their nutrition.
26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A. A dessert. B. A drink.
C. A container. D. A machine.
27. From which is the text probably taken?
A. A biology textbook. B. A health magazine.
C. A research paper. D. A travel brochure.
Passage4
Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation Center
If you’re looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun.
More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they’re studying in the classroom.
For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges. At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂downed＂ pilot.
With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.
All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.
Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!
For more details, please visit us online at www. oursac. com.
40. Why do people come to SAC?
A. To experience adventures.
B. To look for jobs in aviation.
C. To get a degree in engineering.
D. To learn more about medicine.
41. To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to __________.
A. fly to space
B. get an Aviation badge first
C. study the principles of flight
D. build and fire model rockets
42. What is the most important for trainees?
A. Leadership. B. Team spirit.
C. Task planning. D. Survival skills.
题组三（2017年高考考试考试真题）
Passage1
A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5＇
5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container — perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase ______________________________ productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.
Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.
The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.
32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?
A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive.
C. It’s complex. . D. It’s portable.
33. What does the underlined phrase ＂the water catcher＂ in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The tube. B. The still.
C. The hole. D. The cup.
34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?
A. Dig a hole of a certain size. B. Put the cup in place.
C. Weight the sheet’s center down. D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.
35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from__________.
A. the plastic tube B. outside the hole
C. the open air D. beneath the sheet
Passage2
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle —named the Transition – has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cosplayt $279,000.And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.
Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia
says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.
28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The basic data of the Transition.
B. The advantages of flying cars.
C. The potential market for flying cars.
C. The designers of the Transition.
29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?
A. It causers traffic jams.
B. It is difficult to operate.
C. It is very expensive.
D. It burns too much fuel.
30. What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car?
A. Cautious B. Favorable.
C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving.
31. What is the best title for the text?
A. Flying Car at Auto Show
B. The Transition’s First Flight
C. Pilots’ Dream Coming True
D. Flying Car Closer to Reality
Passage3
When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. once they arrive, __________. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to ＂overhear＂ the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth.
Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate
than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.
32. What does a plant do when it is under attack?
A. It makes noises. B. It gets help from other plants.
C. It stands quietly D. It sends out certain chemicals.
33. What does the author mean by ＂the tables are turned＂ in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.
B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready to fight back.
D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can __________.
A. predict natural disasters
B. protect themselves against insects
C. talk to one another intentionally
D. help their neighbors when necessary
35.what can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. The world is changing faster than ever.
B. People have stronger senses than before
C. The world is more complex than it seems
D. People in Darwin’s time were imaginative.
Passage4
After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually __________ by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food sources for the wolf — grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation , which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’s beavers.
As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.
The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.
28. What is the text mainly about?
A. Wildlife research in the United States.
B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.
C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.
D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.
29. What does the underlined word ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Tested. B. Separated.
C. Forced out. D. Tracked down.
30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?
A. Damage to local ecology.
B. A decline in the park’s income.
C. Preservation of vegetation.
D. An increase in the variety of animals.
31. What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?
A. Doubtful. B. Positive.
C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.
题组四（名校模拟题）
Passage 1
Solar energy systems vertical-align:middle;">However, some poisonous materials and chemicals are used to make the photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight into electricity. Some solar thermal systems use potentially __________ liquids to transfer heat. Leaks of these materials could be harmful to the environment. U. S. environmental laws regulate the use and settlement of these types of materials.
As with any type of power plant, large solar power plants can affect the environment near their locations. The placement of the power plant may have long-term effects on the habitats of native plants and animals. Some solar power plants may require water for cleaning solar collectors and concentrators or for cooling turbine generators. Using large volumes of ground water or surface water in some dry locations may affect the ecosplayystems that depend on these water resources. In addition, the beam of concentrated sunlight a solar power tower creates can kill birds and insects that fly into the beam.
The amount of solar energy that the earth receives each day is many times greater than the total amount of all energy that people consume each day. However, on the surface of the earth, solar energy is a variable and irregular energy source. The amount of sunlight and the intensity of sunlight varies by time of day and location. Weather and climate conditions affect the availability of sunlight daily and on a seasonal basis. The type and size of a solar energy collection and conversion system determines how much of the available solar energy we can convert into useful energy.
1. Which of the following best explains "hazardous" underlined in paragraph 2?
A. inexpensive B. dangerous
C. ineffective D. abnormal
2. What influence can large solar power plants have on the locations?
A. Polluting the ground water.
B. Protecting the habitats of plants and animals.
C. Damaging the local natural balance.
D. Attracting birds and insects to the area.
3. What does the last paragraph mainly tell us?
A. Different areas receive different amount of solar energy.
B. How to convert solar energy into useful energy.
C. The relationship between solar energy collection and the sunlight.
D. Some factors that influence the amount of solar energy collection.
Passage 2
Digital grounding is when parents or caregivers limit or completely take away access to technology from children. According to a study conducted by Pew Research，65％of parents have digitally grounded their teen by taking away their teen’s cellphone or internet access as punishment.
Because children are so connected with their technologies, digital grounding may seem like a logical step for parents. Take away a child’s most cherished item and they will quickly learn from their behavior. But the idea of digital grounding isn’t as clear—cut as that. Instead, it may be a lose-lose situation for parents and kids, alike.
For most parents, the goal of grounding isn’t to make their children unhappy or sad. It is to teach a lesson in the hope that they won’t engage in whatever behavior got them in trouble in the first place. Unfortunately, though, digital grounding is often just punishment, not discipline. If a child stays out past curfew, a punishment would be hitting or yelling at them. Discipline would be not letting them go out the next weekend because they failed to follow rules.
We’ve all been there—we’ve caught our child doing something wrong and in the heat of the moment laid out a strict punishment. We may have been feeling hot—headed, embarrassed, or upset. Often, though, these punishments don’t align with the bad behavior.
While digital grounding may solve the problem temporarily, it won’t provide children with the guidance they need to act appropriately in the future. Instead of grounding, show your child what they did wrong and give them the chance to act differently. This way, they will learn from their mistakes in a practical manner and figure out ways to be safe and smart with technology.
There’s no denying it：technology is here for the long-haul. This is why some parenting experts don’t recommend digitally grounding your children. It doesn’t focus on the end goal of safe behavior. They recommend teaching them good habits as soon as possible, rather than taking away their technology. By digitally grounding them, you are putting a bandage over the wound, rather than treating it.
Now, when we say that digital grounding is a lose-lose situation, we’re not saying that disciplining your children in general is a lose—lose situation. Discipline is a great way to teach children lessons, when used appropriately.
1. Which of the following is a form of discipline?
A. Hitting or yelling at children.
B. Laying out a strict punishment in the heat of the moment.
C. Taking away access to cellphones from children completely.
D. Forbidding kids to go out the next weekend if they stay out past curfew.
2. What does the author think of digital grounding?
A. It benefits children greatly.
B. It is no better than disciplining.
C. Parents can use it to correct kids’behavior.
D. Neither parents nor children gain benefits from it.
3. What does the author suggest parents do instead of grounding?
A. Give kids more free time. B. Act appropriately in public.
C. Help kids form good habits. D. Put a bandage over the wound.
4. What’s the purpose of the text?
A. To inform us of ways of punishing kids.
B. To explain what digital grounding means.
C. To show how to parent children in digital times.
D. To prove digital grounding is not a good parenting way.
Passage 3
Not only does the use of plastic water bottles hurt your wallet, it also increases pollution and wastes energy and water. only 23 % of all plastic in America ends up in a recycling bin， meaning over $ 1 billion worth of plastic is treated as rubbish a year. Recently, Skipping Rocks Lab has invented a kind of water bottle called Ooho.
It is a convenient, clear water bottle that can either be drunken or eaten. To drink it, you can either peel off the membrane, they are so delicious who cares?（至于樱桃，由于它们非常不错吃哪个在乎呢?）可知，作者在乎的是它的美味。故选C。
25.B 【分析】细节理解题。依据第三段中的If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.可知，往香蕉上滴新鲜的柠檬汁是为了预防香蕉变成褐色，故新鲜的柠檬汁是被用来维持香蕉的颜色的。故选B。
26.D 【分析】词义猜测题。依据最后一段中they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the TOP of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below可知，孩子们喜欢把一些水果和冷冻的香蕉放入到这台机器的上部，然后看到冰激凌从下面出来。故可以推出a juicer就是一台机器。故选D。
27.B 【分析】文章出处题。文章第一指出7月是水果盛产的季节，并指出各种水果富含的营养，最后一段指出大家可以用a juicer为孩子们做一些甜点和冰激凌，故最可能是从健康杂志上摘取的文章。A项意为：生物教科书；B项意为：一本健康杂志；C项意为：一篇研究论文；D项意为：一本旅游手册。故选B。
Passage 4
【文章大意】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了宇航中心培训项目介绍，命题时从读者的真实需要出发，着重考查培训项目的有关内容和特征。激起考生的航天梦想，探险精神和团队合作精神。。
40.A 【分析】细节理解题。依据文章第一段第一句If you’re looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center is the place to be. 可知，大家来SAC是为了探寻独一无二的冒险体验，故选A。
41.D 【分析】细节理解题。依据文章第三段At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated flying to space with the crew from all over the world. 可知，要想获得太空探险徽章需要建造和发射火箭模型，学习空间任务，尝试与飞行员模拟太空飞行等，故选D。
42.B 【分析】细节理解题。依据文章第四段With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task. 可知，对于受训者来讲，团队合作是重点，故团队精神是非常重要的，故选B。
题组三
Passage1
【文章大意】本文主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的办法，并介绍了它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。
32.D 【分析】推理判断题。依据第一段最后一句话These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.可知制作蒸馏器的东西可以叠放在一个小包里，系在腰间，这说明制作蒸馏器的设施非常轻便，portable表示＂轻便的；手提的＂，故选D。
33.B 【分析】词义猜测题。依据Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity可知最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，以提升接水器的工作效率。＂接水器＂指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一个杯子，杯子上方用膜覆盖，整个装置构成接水器，而不是某个部分。这一题比较容易错选D，但即使在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会由于周围环境的变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B。
34.C 【分析】细节理解题。依据第三段Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock.可知最后一步是weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock，故选C。
35.D 【分析】推理判断题。结合第四段中的Ground water evaporates and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上聚集起来，直到形成小水滴落在杯子里，覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里，所以水滴是聚在覆盖膜的下面。故选D。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Terrafugia公司研制出了飞车，试飞成功，预计将于明年进行销售。本文主要对飞车的历史由来及其构架进行了介绍。
28.A 【分析】段落大意题。依据＂The vehicle—named the Transition – has two seats wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.＂可知选A。
29.C 【分析】细节理解题。依据＂But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cosplayt
$279,000＂可知，由于Transition 的价格较高，所以不太可能在太多的马路上出现。故选C。
30.B 【分析】细节理解题。依据＂the government has already permitted the company to use special materials to
make it easier for the vehicle to fly＂与＂Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraf＂可知，政府对于飞车的研发是比较支持的。故选B。
31.D 【分析】标题总结题。浏览全文，主要从飞车的试飞成功、飞车的构架与多年以前大家对飞车的
设想到今天成为现实展开说明。故选D。
Passage3
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。研究发现，当植物遭到攻击时，会发出VOCs，以此来保护自己或者与周围的植物通过化学物质进行交流。
32.D 【分析】细节理解题。依据＂reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular
smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm＂可知，当植物受伤时，会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。
33.A 【分析】词义推断题。依据＂once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now
becomes lunch＂，一旦它们到达这里，这类攻击者就会遭到植物的攻击，故选A。
34.B 【分析】细节理解题，依据＂Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being
attacked＂ 及＂Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away... ＂可知答案选B。
35.C 【分析】推理判断题。依据＂imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate than the world
we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on＂可知，这个世界远比大家看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密，大家认知能力有限，有不少事仍在继续发生，远比大家想象的要复杂。故选C。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的事情。人类活动的影响使灰狼的数目渐渐降低，鹿群数目渐渐增加，从而致使植被被很多破坏。
28. D 【分析】主旨大意题。文章单刀直入地提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后在下文中详细介绍其缘由与带来的好的转机，由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园对灰狼的引进。
29. C 【分析】词义猜测题。依据本段后两句可知，由于人类的进步，侵占了灰狼的范围，灰狼渐渐向北迁徙，由此判断灰狼让人类排挤走了。
30. A 【分析】推理判断题。依据第三段的内容可知，灰狼的降低导致了鹿群的增多，从而植被遭到了破坏；导致了土狼数目的迅速增长，它们猎杀了很多的赤狐，赶走了海狸，由此可判断出灰狼的消失致使了当地生态平衡被破坏。
31.B 【分析】推理判断题。依据文章末段的最后一句可知，作者觉得引进灰狼的项目是非常有价值的实验，因此可推知作者对这一举措持一定的态度。
题组四
Passage1
【语篇解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了太阳能发电的潜在弊病与影响太阳能采集量的几个原因。
1.B
【分析】词义猜测题。依据画线词前的“However, some poisonous materials and chemicals are used to make the photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight into electricity.”可知，然而，一些有毒的材料和化学物质被用来制造将阳光转化为电能的光伏电池，一些太阳能保温系统用潜在危险的液体来传递热量，由此可知画线词词义为“危险的”，故B项正确。
2. C
【分析】细节理解题。依据第三段中的“The placement of the power plant may have long-term effects on the habitats of native plants and animals.”可知，大型太阳能发电厂的地址选择或许会对当地动植物的栖息地产成长期的影响，也就是会破坏当地自然平衡，故C项正确。
3.D
【分析】主旨大意题。依据最后一段中的“However, on the surface of the earth, solar energy is a variable and irregular energy source. The amount of sunlight and the intensity of sunlight varies by time of day and location. Weather and climate conditions affect the availability of sunlight daily and on a seasonal basis.”可知，在地球表面，太阳能是一种可变的和不规则的能源，阳光的数目和强度伴随一天的时间和地址而变化，天气和气候条件影响每天和季节性的阳光提供，由此可知，本段主要介绍的是影响太阳能采集量的几个原因，故D项正确。
Passage2【语篇解析】这是一篇说明文。介绍了“数码囚禁”并非教养孩子的好办法。
1.D
【分析】细节理解题。由第三段“ a child stays out past curfew, a punishment would be hitting or yelling at them. Discipline would be not letting them go out the next weekend because they failed to follow rules. ”可知，一个孩子超越约定的最晚回家时间，惩罚就是打他们或对他们大喊大叫。纪律不会让他们下周末出去，由于他们没遵守规则。故D选项正确。
2.D
【分析】细节理解题。由第二段“Instead, it may be a lose-lose situation for parents and kids, alike. ”可知，相反，这对爸爸妈妈和孩子来讲可能是一种两败俱伤的局面。故D选项正确。
3.C
【分析】推理判断题。由倒数第二段“They recommend teaching them good habits as soon as possible，rather than taking away their technology”可知，他们建议尽快教他们好习惯，而不是拿走他们的科技。故C选项正确。
4.D
【分析】推理判断题。由第二段“Instead, it may be a lose-lose situation for parents and kids, alike. ”第三段“For most parents, the goal of grounding isn’t to make their children unhappy or sad. 第五段“while digital grounding may solve the problem temporarily it won’t provide children with the guidance they need to act appropriately in the future. ”第六段“This is why some parenting experts don’t recommend digitally grounding your children”可知，“数码囚禁”并非教养孩子的好办法。故D选项正确。
Passage3
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Skipping Rocks Lab创造的新型环保储水容器Ooho，它是一个能携带液体资源的球面薄膜，它的制作本钱非常低，强韧且环保、可生物降解而且可食用。
1.D
【分析】细节理解题。依据第一段的only 23 % of all plastic in America ends up in a recycling bin， meaning over $ 1 billion worth of plastic is treated as rubbish a year.可知在美国，只有23%的塑料资源被收购借助，大多数的塑料都被当作垃圾扔掉了，故选D。
2.B
【分析】细节理解题。依据第一段的it also increases pollution and wastes energy and water.和第二段
And too much plastic is sure to do harm to the environment，which could account for their purpose of such a new invention.可知Skipping Rocks Lab创造新型环保的储水容器Ooho，它是一个能携带液体资源的球面薄膜，它的制作本钱非常低，强韧且环保、可生物降解而且可食用。因此可知其目的是保护环境，故选B。
3.C
【分析】推理判断题。依据第三段的The price for an individual bubble or a unit of bubbles has not been set yet, but they cosplayt about two cents to create a unit, which is cheaper than plastic bottles可知制造储水容器Ooho的本钱比塑料矿泉水瓶低得多，因此可以判断出其市场价格或许会比塑料瓶低，故选C。
4.A
【分析】推理判断题。依据最后一段的内容特别是It is quickly making a rise，so keep an eye out this year for these bottles of the future.这一句话可知很多投资商看好储水容器Ooho的市场前景，作者也相信它必然会成功的，故选A。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。美国高等教育的招生过程中存在问题，教育工作者呼吁对此进行改变。
1.B
【分析】推理判断题。依据第三段第一句The report suggests that paying attention to academic success over other qualities works well for some students but hurts others.可知，报告指出，与其他素质相比更重视学业成绩对某些学生来讲成效很好，但却伤害了其他学生。由此可知录取的过程中出现的问题就是重视了学生的学业成绩。剖析选项可知B项符合题意。故选B。
2.D
【分析】细节理解题。依据第四段中It suggests that schools should ask for evidence that students care about other people.可知，报告还指出，学校应该需要学生关心别人的证据。故选D。
3.D
【分析】推理判断题。依据第四段中said that every few years, someone makes the same argument for changes, but no real change has happed yet. Even many of the schools that agree with the report still make no changes.可知，Bob Schaeffer觉得，有的学校即便赞同，也不会做出改变。故选D。
4.A
【分析】推理判断题。依据全文可知，作者只不过对于录取过程中的问题进行了描述，没进行我们的评论，因此是中立的。剖析选项可知A项是正确的。故选A。
