「2021年上海蒙山中学上教版初三物理上册训练」7.2 欧姆定律 电阻

§7.2欧姆定律 电阻（三）

1、选择题

1．温度肯定时,比较两根铜制导线电阻的大小,下列正确的是

A. 长导线的电阻的肯定大              B. 细导线的电阻肯定大

C. 粗细相同,长导线电阻肯定大         D. 粗细相同,短导线电阻肯定大

2．导体的电阻 [来源:Zxxk.Com]

A. 跟导体两端的电压成正比            B. 与导体中的电流强度成反比

C. 决定于电路中的电流强度和电压      D. 决定于导体的材料、长度和横截面积

3．一个导体两端的电压由小变大，可以判定导体的电阻值
A. 增大         B. 维持不变       C. 减小

4．用滑动变阻器时，闭合开关前，应把滑动变阻器的滑片调到阻值最大，下列图1中滑片地方正确的是：   （ 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人工智能KfB+P/人工智能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人工智能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/> 

5. 如图2所示，要使滑动变阻器的滑片P向右移动时，电阻变大，应选择的接线柱是（     ）

A．A、D        B．B、C       C．A、B        D．C、D

6．为了改变一根导线电阻的大小，下列办法中一定不可以达到目的的是（      ）

A．将导线拉长后用                   B.将导线对折后用

C. 给导线加热                         D.改变导线中的电流

7．一导体接在某电路中，假如两端的电压增大到原来的2倍，下列说法正确的是（   ）

   A．电阻和电流都变成原来的2倍；    B．电阻不变，电流变成原来的1/2

   C．电阻不变，电流变成原来2倍；    D．电阻和电流都变成原来的1/2

8．如图3所示的变阻器四种不同接法的电路中，闭合开关后，当滑片向右移动时，

电路中灯泡变亮的是（   ）

9．如图4所示，A、B是同种材料制成的电阻，它们的长度相等，A的横截面积是B的两倍，将它们串联在电路中，则加在A、B上的电压UA、UB和通过A、B的电流IA、IB间的关系正确的是（     ）

    A．IA=IB       B．IA >IB         C． UA=UB         D．  UA>UB

10．由欧姆定律导出公式R=U/I，下列说法中正确的是               〔     〕

A．导体的电阻和它两端的电压成正比            

B．导体的电阻和通过它的电流成反比

 C．当导体两端电压为零时，它的电阻也为零      

D．以上说法都不正确 

2、填空题

1．在电阻肯定的状况下，导体中的电流与____________成正比；在电压肯定的状况下，导体中的电流与__________________成反比。欧姆定律的内容是：导体中的电流与导体两端的____________成正比，与导体的________成反比，表达式为_______________。

2．伏安法测电阻是用____________测出电阻的电流，用___________测出导体两端的____________，依据_____________计算出电阻阻值。

3. 一段导体两端的电压是6V时，通过导体的电流是200mA，则该导体的阻值为

Ω；若使该导体两端电压变为3V，则该导体的电阻为__________Ω。若使该导体两端电压不加电压，则通过该导体的电流为__________，则该导体的电阻为__________Ω。[来源:学#科#网]

4．下图5是有4个接线柱的滑动变阻器，当AD端接入电路时，滑片P向右移动，接人电路中的阻值将__________；当AB端接入电路时，滑片P向左移动，接入电路中的阻值将 __________。若该变阻器铭牌标有“20Ω1A”字样，表示这个变阻器电阻变化范围是__________，允许通过的最大电流是__________A。滑片P移至中点时，接入电路的阻值是__________Ω。

5．如图7所示的电路，是表示滑动变阻器连入电路的四种接法。当滑片向左滑动的过程中，（1）电流表示数变大的是__________电路图；（2）电流表的示数变小的是__________电路图；（3）电流表的示数不变的是__________电路图；（4）不正确的连法是____________________电路图。

6.一段铜丝，对折起来后它的电阻到原来的________,这是由于它的_________变小，而____________变大的原故。

7. 有A、B、C、D四根导线，A是镍鉻合金线，其余三根是铜线；B、C粗细相同，C长B短；C、D长度相同，C粗D细；A、D长度、粗细均相同。则这四根导线的电阻关系是：B__________C__________D__________A。

8．某同学探究导体对电流的妨碍用途，所用器材为截面积相同的导体、电流表、电键、新干电池和导线若干，实验过程如图8（a）、（b）、（c）、（d）、（e）、（f）所示。请依据实验现象及有关条件，作出判断并总结得出初步结论。

①由图8______________________________或______________________________，可得：不同材料的导体对电流的妨碍用途不同。

②由图8（c）与（e）或（d）与（f），可得：____________________。

3、作图题

1．在图9和图10中的○里填上适合的电表符号，填上后需要两灯并联，电路能正常工作。

2．在图11所示的电路中，有三根导线尚未连接，请用笔线代替导线补上，补上后需要：当电键S闭合后，向左移动滑动变阻器的滑片时，电流表示数变大，灯L亮度变亮。

[来源:学科网]

4、计算题

1. 把一个电热器把它接在家庭电路上，通过它的电流是5A，该电热器的电阻是多少？

2. 如图12，电源电压不变，滑动变阻器的总阻值为20欧。当滑片P移到B端时时，电流表的示数为0.5安。当滑片P移到滑动变阻器的中点时，电流表的示数为多少？

5、实验题

1．某实验小组在“探究导体中的电流与电压的关系”时，由实验小组长选择了器材，若干节干电池、金属导体、电流表、电压表、____________和____________。讨论得到了可以通过改变电池的节数从而改变__________________。

（1）请在方框中画出实验电路图，并在图中标出电流表和电压表的“+”“-”接线柱。

（2）小组一同设计记录电流I与电压U的表格。

（3）由表格可以可以得到：__________________________________________________。

2．在温度肯定的条件下，做探究“决定电阻大小的原因”的实验，使用了控制变量的办法．下表是某次研究性学习小组的实验数据记录．依据实验数据的剖析，回答下列问题：

（1）选择B．E导体进行对比，是为了研究导体电阻大小与__________是不是有关系；

（2）为了研究导体电阻与横截面积的关系，应选择的两根导体是 __________和______________________________（填导体的代号）；

（3）比较表格中导体C．F对应的数据，可以得到的结论是__________．

3．如图13所示的电路中，闭合电键后，若要使滑动变阻器滑片向右移动时，电流表的示数变大，应将变阻器的__________和__________两个接线柱接入电路中。

假如一个同学在连接好电路后，闭合开关，发现如何移动滑片P，都不可以改变灯的亮度，你感觉可能是什么原因什么？____________________

4. 如图14所示的电路，可以测电阻Rx的阻值，需要： 

在图中○内，填上电流表和电压表的符号。

在图中标出电流表和电压表两端“+”“－”接线柱。

当电键S闭合时，电表的读数如图15所示，则电流表

的读数是______________________________安，电压表的读数是______________________________伏，

被测电阻Rx=____________________欧。